Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy helps researchers connect proton and carbon signals that may be difficult to assign from one-dimensional spectra alone. Learn how HSQC, HMBC and complementary experiments support molecular-structure identification.
Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy helps researchers evaluate distinct carbon environments within an organic compound. Learn how signal count, chemical shifts, broadband decoupling and DEPT experiments contribute to structural interpretation.
Proton NMR chemical shifts show how hydrogen atoms respond to their molecular environments. Learn how chemical shift position, integration, multiplicity and coupling patterns provide complementary evidence for compound identification.
NMR spectroscopy provides information about chemical environments, neighbouring atoms and molecular connectivity. Learn how chemical shifts, integration and peak patterns support compound identification.
Tandem mass spectrometry selects a precursor ion and produces characteristic product ions. Learn how MS/MS fragmentation strengthens compound identification and what can affect the resulting spectrum.
Mass spectrometry isotope patterns show how naturally occurring isotopes produce M, M+1 and M+2 peaks. Learn how these patterns support elemental, molecular-formula and charge-state interpretation.
Mass spectrometry adducts change the m/z values observed for a compound. Learn how protonated, sodiated, potassiated and multiply charged ions should be interpreted in analytical reports.
Mass spectrometry measures ions by their mass-to-charge ratio—not molecular weight directly. Learn how charge states, adducts and isotope patterns affect compound verification.
An HPLC purity percentage describes the relative detector response assigned to a compound under a specific chromatographic method. Learn what this number can demonstrate, what can influence it, and which complementary tests are needed for stronger analytical confidence.
Understand the difference between research compound purity and identity and how HPLC, mass spectrometry and NMR provide complementary evidence.